c cytokines modulate and potentiate TNFR signaling in activated CD8 + T cells is important for the development of better combinatorial cancer immunotherapies. Following TCR stimulation, CD8 + T cells undergo clonal expansion, acquire effector functions and can...
Here we address recent developments in CSC research, focusing on carcinomas that are able to undergo EMT. We discuss the signalling pathways that create these cells, cell-intrinsic mechanisms that could be exploited for selective elimination or induction of their differentiation, and the role of ...
We found no evidence that individual iridophores undergo state transitions, as would be expected if cells originating in one pattern element disperse to populate another. Photolabeled iridophores observed over short or long periods failed to migrate between interstripe and stripe zones, even when th...
In this situation activated B cells undergo some somatic mutation and an isotype switch but do not develop into memory cells. Through lack of Bcl-6, the differentiation protein Blimp-1 is expressed, and B cells differentiate into plasmablasts. Some Conclusions The increase in the prevalence of ...
cells senesced. Senescence of MEFs was confirmed by appropriate morphological changes and expression of SA β-gal (data not shown). Unlike senescent IMR90 cells, which were compared in parallel as a control, we found that MEFs do not downregulate expression of Wnt2 as they undergo oncogene-...
of binding both the Fc regions of IgG and IgM, thus blocking opsonophagocytosis and complement activation, as well as the Fab domain of some immunoglobulins, including variable heavy 3 (VH3) of the B cell receptors, which leads to the activation and clonal expansion of B cells [77,79]. ...
negativeselectionorreceptoredit-ingofself-specificimmatureBcells,possibleposi-tiveselectionofcertainBcellsubsets(B-1cellsinparticular),andtheBCR-dependentsurvivalofma-ture,peripheralBcells.4–6Afterantigenexposure,individualBcellsundergoclonalexpansionandaffinitymaturationbasedonBCRspecificity.Many...
ensuresthatatleastafewnaïveTcellswillhavehigh-affinitybind-ingtoanantigenicpeptidederivedfromvirtuallyanypathogen.TCRengagementtriggersacascadeofintracellularsignalingevents,resultinginactivationofthenaïveTcell.TheactivatedTcellsrapidlyproliferate(clonalexpansion),migratethroughthetissuestothesitesofAgpresence,and...
18 A third scenario applies in patients with CUP who undergo gene expression profiling to identify a primary tumour of origin (Table 1): the assumed circulating tumour cells probably undergo extensive immunoediting, which raises doubts over the accuracy of the diagnosis because the prediction of the...
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are quiescent under normal physiological conditions. In response to various cues, such as exercise, injuries or disease, they expand, proliferate as myoblasts or undergo myogenic differentiation to fuse and restore damaged muscle. Notably, skeletal muscle satellite cells ar...