Recent years have seen so-called natural killer T (NKT) cells emerge as important regulators of the immune response. The existence of NKT-cell subsets, and other types of T cell that resemble NKT cells, is an ongoing source of confusion in the literature
After two or more rounds of selection, diversity is reduced still further, and the percentage of positive clones increases significantly; making analysis of ≥100 selections in a single run relatively straightforward. Read lengths vary, depending upon the technology (Figure 1). Although 454 and Pac...
Clonal deletionToleranceProducing a healthy immune system capable of defending against pathogens, while avoiding autoimmunity, is dependent on thymic selection. Positive selection yields functional T cells that have the potential to recognize both self and foreign antigens. Therefore, negative selection ...
Positive selection yields functional T cells that have the potential to recognize both self and foreign antigens.Therefore, negative selection exists to manage potentially self-reactive cells. Negative selection results from the inductionof anergy, receptor editing, clonal diversion (agonist selection), ...
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a tumor stem cell-associated marker in lung cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. 7, 330–338 (2009). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rasheed, Z. A. et al. Prognostic significance of tumorigenic cells with mesenchymal features in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J....
The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is considered crucial for an effective, preventive HIV-1 vaccine. Led by the discovery of a new generation of potent bnAbs, the field has significantly advanced over the past decade. There is a w
Effective immunization againstBordetella pertussis respiratory infection in mice is dependent on induction of cell-mediated immunity. Infect Immun 1993; 61:3190. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Parish CR. The relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Tissue Transplant Rev 1972; 13:35. CAS ...
Martin J. Blaser is at the Department of Medicine and the Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10017, USA., Martin J. Blaser Stanley Falkow is at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Department of Medicine, Stanford Universit...
Although fungal pathogens can invade via any organ system, the primary route of infection into the body is via the respiratory tract [2]. Typically, in healthy individuals, conidia are quickly removed by mucocillary action, and those that are missed encounter neutrophils and alveolar macrophages ...
even if the final pHe is matching. Table1presents a selection of pH-related studies alongside information on how pHe had been changed. The most common way of creating acidic conditions is to exchange NaHCO3-based media with formulations containing nonvolatile buffers, as HEPES and PIPES, followed...