1. Activates NK cells to become ANK cells, enabling them to have anti-tumor effects. 2. Causes the aggregation of NK cells and other immune cells, enhancing their ability to combat tumors and more effectively kill tumor cells. 3. Blocks the function of tumor cell transferrin receptors, inhibi...
TCR binds to a single antigen target from a specific foreign pathogen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates a signaling cascade, resulting in an inflammatory response. T cells can also recognize cancerous cells and, once activated, have anti-tumor or cytotoxic abilities. ...
IFN-γ is produced by natural killer (NK) cells, characterizes the T helper 1 (Th1) pattern, and has a wide range of effects including monocyte and macrophage activation [107]. The Th1 cell response, which is required to contain M. tuberculosis infection, is largely characterized by IFN-γ...
Furthermore, the virus is modified by inserting the gene that encodes human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulation factor (GM-CSF) which, when expressed, activates antigen-presenting cells to induce a tumor-specific T-cell response and enhance dendritic cell function. The virus replicates within ...
CLCA1 is closely associated with mucus-related diseases. CLCA1 can bind to receptors on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells, thereby activating the MAPK13 signaling pathway and inducing mucin gene expression44. In addition, IL-13 activates its receptor and downstream signal transducer and act...
Second, profilin is an actin-modifying protein that binds and activates TLR11 and TLR12, promotes IL-12 production, inducing NK cells to produce IFN-γ, which plays an important role in eliminating T. gondii tachyzoites78. However, TLR12 is not present in humans, and TLR11 is also a ...
In an animal model of stimulated stress, it has been found that cortisol increases the immune cells Mx and IL-1β. [71] Cortisol activates cellular immunity to provide defense against many kinds of infection by promoting Th1-to-Th2 shift. [72-74] ...
This occurs when antibody binds to an infected cell, activates complement and causes an inflammatory reaction. Alternatively, antibody- mediated inflammatory reactions involve toxicity follow- ing engagement of IgG with Fc receptors on inflamma- tory cells, which causes inflammatory mediator release17, ...
NK cells[97] and neutrophils[98] may be hyper-activated but, to determine their role in intestinal inflammation, more studies are needed. Contrasting data are reported on the monocyte/macrophage population. These cells were reduced[99] or normal[90] in number in the gut of IBS patients ...
The retina develops from the diencephalon, and so remains part of the CNS; retinal ischemia activates the same pathways as ischemic injury in other CNS areas, and can therefore offer strong evidence regarding the pathological processes follow- ing injury. This makes the study of retinal ischemia ...