To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of high frequency rTMS on rats by observing the synaptic ultrastructure and the level of neuron apoptosis. The levels of several important inflammation-related proteins within microglia and astrocytes were assessed through immunofluorescence staining and western blot. ...
Migraine is a pervasive neurologic disease closely related to neurogenic inflammation. The astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system are vital in inducing neurogenic inflammation in migraine. Recently, it has been found that there may be a crosstalk phenomenon between microglia and astrocytes...
Inflammation is usually observed in AD and could implicate both beneficial or detrimental effects depending on the severity of the disease. During initial AD pathology, microglia and astrocyte activation is beneficial since they are involved in amyloid-beta clearance. However, with the progression of ...
PD-L1 positive astrocytes attenuate inflammatory functions of PD-1 positive microglia in models of autoimmune neuroinflammation Co-inhibitory signaling controls immune mechanisms in health and disease. The authors here show that in autoimmune neuroinflammation, astrocytic PD-L1 mitigates autoimmune neuroinflamma...
Accordingly, the aim of the current paper is to overview the role of astrocytes and microglia in the pathogenesis of ALS and to better understand the disease mechanism of ALS. 展开 关键词: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis astrocyte microglia motor neuron non-cell autonomous toxicity ...
The interaction between reactive microglia and astrocytes is critical in the development of neuroinflammation. Although the canonical M1/M2 (microglia) and A1/A2 (astrocyte) classifications are not accurate in describing the states of microglia and astrocytes, this classification is helpful to elucidate ...
inflammationplaquereactivityMicroglia and astrocytes are essential components of brain homeostasis. Interestingly, when the brain is exposed to adverse conditions, both astrocytes and microglia acquire specialized 'reactive' or 'activated' phenotypes that relate to the characteristics of the insult. In most...
A stronger response of astrocytes is seen in the isocortex. Red: genes significant in both comparisons; gray: genes not significant in either comparison; blue: genes significant in cortical astrocytes only; and green: genes significant in hippocampal astrocytes only. An empirical Bayes QLFTest was...
dysregulation of the activity of proinflammatory microglia and other activated cells, including astrocytes and infiltrating immune cells, predisposes the brain tissue to chronic inflammation, which lays a foundation for neurodegeneration [8]. Protracted or excess microglial response via the release of ...
Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 35, 441–468 (2017). CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Heppner, F. L., Ransohoff, R. M. & Becher, B. Immune attack: the role of inflammation in Alzheimer disease. Nat. ...