These are response to an extracellular stimulus. All the cellular responses include molecular information as for intracellular biological processes. However, most of cellular signals are very weak and not easily
The secondary messenger concept pertains to the manner in which a signal is communicated from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment for the purpose of initiating a cellular response to an external stimulus. From:Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences,2014 ...
Signal integration is the process through which cells sense and compute the response to multiple information signals captured from their microenvironment. Since all cells evolve in complex and changing environments, this process is critical to their adaptation. For example, bacteria differentially sense va...
which serves a tumor suppressor function. Paradoxically, however, the SASP has been shown to promote tumor cell progression through secretion of factors that promote angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, chronic senescence-induced inflammation...
Bone is a complex and dynamic tissue that, in addition to its biomechanical properties, harbors stem cells and precursor cells of the hematopoietic and immune system. The skeleton undergoes continuous remodeling processes to maintain proper bone homeosta
1. Post-stimulus histograms of neuronal activity, constructed from extracellular recordings in decerebrate, decerebellate cats, have been used to investigate the responsiveness of neurons in nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis following their excitation by a peripheral nerve stimulus. 2. The response ...
Due to the centrality of Ca2+ regulation, a large diversity of genetic disorders are associated with disrupted Ca2+ pathways [15,16,17]. Genetic defects in extracellular Ca2+ influx have been formally associated with primary immunodeficiency, with defects in the store-operated Ca2+ entry stage of...
Cells respond to stress in a variety of ways ranging from activation of pathways that promote survival to eliciting programmed cell death that eliminates damaged cells. The cell’s initial response to a stressful stimulus is geared towards helping the cell to defend against and recover from the in...
which regulates NF-κB signaling-associated genes132. PRR34 antisense RNA 1 (PRR34-AS1) was shown to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by sequestering miRNA-296-5p, which regulates E2F2 and SOX12133. The extracellular environment is another location where regulatory RNAs function. The dysfunctio...
Intravenous delivery of miR-143/145 extracellular vesicles blocked atherosclerotic lesion progression [83] and analogous protective effects have been observed in response to neointimal lesion formation [84]. However, it remains to be determined whether bidirectional extracellular miRNA passage occurs between...