1m). Furthermore, since 3-MA treatment failed to change the viable cell number, similar to the other autophagic inhibitor (chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf1)) (Supplementary Fig. 1n), 3-MA reduced the percentage of pre-HSC II, but not of EC and pre-HSC I in E11.5 AGMex. ...
Thus, the function of other vesicle-trafficking proteins in autophagy needs to be further explored. Autophagy has a key role in organism growth and development, cell differentiation, and the response to cellular stress, and also in many diseases and aging. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of ...
The N-terminus has also been shown to associate directly with NLRP3 and results in noncanonical NLRP3-caspase-1 activation (60). Similar to canonical inflammasome activation, caspase-11 activation is regulated by autophagy. Pharmacolog- ical inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA increases ...
To determine whether LC3/GABARAP has other molecular targets, here we generated a pre-processed LC3B mutant (Q116P) that is resistant to ATG4-mediated deconjugation. Upon expression in human cells and when assessed by immunoblotting under reducing and denaturing conditions, deconjugation-resistant ...
we chose for further study the transmembrane autophagy protein ATG9A. We found that Nef and ATG9A did not alter each other’s localization or levels in HeLa cervical carcinoma or Jurkat T cells. Moreover, expression of Nef had little or no effect on autophagy in these cells. However, while...
(1) the gold standard inhibitor of autophagy 3-MA reversed all cell biological and bactericidal effects in our experiments, while inhibitors of other processes did not; (2) ultrastructural analysis showed that mycobacterial vacuoles transited into autophagosomes upon induction of autophagy; and (3) ...
Other studies have demonstrated the importance of autophagy for proper neuronal development and embryonic survival15,16. Programmed cell clearance in early stages of retinal development is dependent on autophagy17 and we have shown that mitophagy is important for RGC development, leading to the ...
Dhly (LLO-minus) L. monocytogenes and heat-killed bacteria stimulated almost no LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, as compared to wild-type L. monocytogenes over a 60 minute time course of infection (Fig. 1B and data not shown). Therefore, we concluded that while infection alone induced very ...
11). To visualize the etoposide-induced translocation of Wipi3 to the trans-Golgi, we performed the close proximity (Duolink) assay24, which produces a fluorescent signal when two molecules are localized within 40 nm of each other. As shown in Fig. 3d, the number of Duolink signals ...
When this ability is limited, cells may prioritize the use of available energy for other vital processes rather than autophagy. From this energetic perspective, it is unclear whether autophagy is the primary cellular response to energy stress. Over the past decade, research in the field has ...