1m). Furthermore, since 3-MA treatment failed to change the viable cell number, similar to the other autophagic inhibitor (chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf1)) (Supplementary Fig. 1n), 3-MA reduced the percentage of pre-HSC II, but not of EC and pre-HSC I in E11.5 AGMex. ...
Thus, the function of other vesicle-trafficking proteins in autophagy needs to be further explored. Autophagy has a key role in organism growth and development, cell differentiation, and the response to cellular stress, and also in many diseases and aging. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of ...
The N-terminus has also been shown to associate directly with NLRP3 and results in noncanonical NLRP3-caspase-1 activation (60). Similar to canonical inflammasome activation, caspase-11 activation is regulated by autophagy. Pharmacolog- ical inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA increases ...
Because Nef and ATG9A did not affect each other’s levels or intracellular distribution, and Nef did not detectably alter autophagy, we focused our subsequent studies on the possibility that ATG9A could mediate the effects of Nef on the HIV-1 replication cycle independently of its role in auto...
(WT) animals. The number of RGCs was calculated by subtracting from the amount of γ-Synuclein positive cells minus the displaced amacrine double stained γ-Synuclein and Calbindin cells. The control eyes are represented as baseline value,n = 4 animals per group.#p < 0.01 in ...
As quantified by western blots, autophagic flux was defined as the quantity of LC3b-II or p62 (expressed as ng, pmol, or normalized values) in the leupeptin treated sample minus the average quantity in the sham treated samples (Haspel et al., 2011). Although other groups adopt the practice...
(1) the gold standard inhibitor of autophagy 3-MA reversed all cell biological and bactericidal effects in our experiments, while inhibitors of other processes did not; (2) ultrastructural analysis showed that mycobacterial vacuoles transited into autophagosomes upon induction of autophagy; and (3) ...
Dhly (LLO-minus) L. monocytogenes and heat-killed bacteria stimulated almost no LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, as compared to wild-type L. monocytogenes over a 60 minute time course of infection (Fig. 1B and data not shown). Therefore, we concluded that while infection alone induced very ...
11). To visualize the etoposide-induced translocation of Wipi3 to the trans-Golgi, we performed the close proximity (Duolink) assay24, which produces a fluorescent signal when two molecules are localized within 40 nm of each other. As shown in Fig. 3d, the number of Duolink signals ...
When this ability is limited, cells may prioritize the use of available energy for other vital processes rather than autophagy. From this energetic perspective, it is unclear whether autophagy is the primary cellular response to energy stress. Over the past decade, research in the field has ...