In contrast, Ggta1 and Serping1 (also A1 markers) were significantly reduced, as were Cd109, Emp1 (A2 markers), and the pan-reactive marker, Serpina3n, with 47%, 81%, 90%, 60%, and 52% reductions in transcript levels, respectively (Figure 1E). Tm treatment induced a similar ...
astrocytes from prion-infected animals maintained their reactive state characterized by hypertrophic morphology and upregulation of GFAP along with several PAN-, A1-, and A2-specific markers. In addition, several pro-inflammatory
and the increased expression of A1 markers remained longer than that of A2 markers. The immunoreactivity of the representative A1 phenotype marker, C3 and A2 phenotype marker, S100A10 peaked 6 days after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus. While C3 was expressed evenly throughout the dentate gyrus...
The expression of GFAP (astrocyte marker), C3d (A1-type astrocyte marker), and S100a10 (A2-type astrocyte marker) were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to evaluate the changes of A1/A2 astrocyte-related protein and NLRP3/Caspase-1/...
We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters—preferably in vivo—plus multivariate ...
respectively, were represented in the astrocyte clusters, neither A1 nor A2 gene sets were enriched significantly in the total astrocyte nuclei or in any of the clusters in agreement with several rodent and human studies that fail to replicate distinct ‘A1’ and ‘A2’ astrocyte populations [13...
(V2, BA18/19) and primary visual cortex (V1, BA17). Our strategy to enrich astrocyte nuclei was effective, as indicated by the low numbers of neuronal and oligodendroglial nuclei identified (Fig.1b). Astrocyte nuclei were identified by the expression levels of the marker genesADGRV1(refs...
The transfection efficacy of GFP sequence-containing sh-AAV into mouse astrocytes was validated based on the co-location of GFAP (an astrocyte marker) and GFP in the immunofluorescence staining of spinal cord tissues 14 days after sh-AAV or sh-NC was intrathecally injected and RT-qPCR of RNA...
At a similar time point post-infection, PTBP1 expression was found only mildly reduced by CRISPR/CasRX, and ~ 22% of cells that were infected by the CasRX system were positive for the neuronal nuclear antigen marker (NeuN). However, none of these neuronal-marker-positive cells could be...
TMT treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers, and the increased expression of A1 markers remained longer than that of A2 markers. The immunoreactivity of the representative A1 phenotype marker, C3 and A2 phenotype marker, S100A10 peaked 6 days after TMT...