CTAs are a class of antigens not typically expressed by normal cells outside of the testes—cells of which do not express MHC class I, nor present antigens to CD8+ T cells. However, CTAs are frequently expressed on cancer cells.30 Human CTAs, such as synovial sarcoma X-2 (SSX-2), ...
Catching cancer at its earliest stages, when it's most treatable, can save countless lives. But themillion-dollar questionis: in an otherwise healthy body made up of trillions of cells, how can wezero in ona small group ofr...
Human dendritic cells discriminate between viable and killed Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites: dendritic cell activation after infection with viable parasites results in CD28 and CD40 ligand signaling that controls IL-12-dependent and -independent T cell production of IFN-gamma. J. Immunol. 165, 1498–...
During infection, under the influence of signals from a Toll-like receptor (TLR) [19] of proinflammatory cytokines [20] or of costimulation through CD40 [21], dendritic cells are activated, an effector response is triggered, and induced Treg cells develop [22]. This notion is supported by th...
Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of the BM aspirate cells using the EuroFlow lymphoid screening tube (LST) and antibody panel for NK cell chronic lymphoproliferative diseases (NK-CLPD) [7], complemented with other cell surface markers, showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for CD45 (high...
Th2 cell-inducing DC signals may include OX40L, CD40, Jagged, and IL-6. Basophils and epithelial cells might also be required to provide Il-4, TSLP, or other factors. T cells receiving these signals in the absence of IL-12 undergo Th2 cell differentiation under the transcriptional control...
Type 1 helper T cells and type 2 helper T cells represent two extremely polarized forms of the effector specific immune response, based on a distinctive pr
The development of mTECs is dependent upon a population of CD4+CD3−lymphoid tissue inducer cells and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)–RANK ligand interactions, and their maintenance is, in part, controlled by CD40–CD40L signaling and lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR; see Fig....
Closely linked to CD40-CD40L, inducible co-stimulatory molecules (ICOS) and its ligand (ICOSL) are critically involved in the differentiation of B-cells. In SLE mouse models, ICOS can support self-reactive T cell survival [38]. One of the most important factors in the survival of peripheral...