PD‐1/PD‐L1 axistumor immune escapetumor‐derived exosomesProgrammed cell death(PD is a negative coreceptor mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cells. The binding of PDto its ligand PD㎜1 significantly induces non‐reactivity of T cells to maintain the balance of autoimmunity and ...
Plenty of immune cells infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) during tumor progression, in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with immunosuppressive activity. Tumor cell
Cancer metastasis is a complex, multistage process, which eventually causes tumor cells to colonize and grow at the metastatic site16. Exosomes derived from tumors and stromal cells have been involved in all stages of cancer metastasis. In addition to the different types of substances loaded in e...
Through exosomes, TAMs regulate the tumorigenesis through crosstalk between various immune cells in the TME [11]. TAMs-derived exosomes carry non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), proteins, and lipids that regulate malignant cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, drug resistance, ...
Mounting evidence indicates that tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) play critical roles in tumor development and progression by regulating components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Moreover, due to their delivery of c
Recent researches have indicated that exosomes derived from cancer cells also express PD-L1. PD-L1+ exosomes can impair immune functions and promote tumor growth in the similar way as above, which may also result in a low response to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Therefore, targeting the PD-L1 ...
Regulation of metabolism by tumor-derived exosomes. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) carrying specific substances are secreted after intracellular ESCRT machinery. TDEs act on CAFs to promote glycolysis by up-regulating GLU1 expression and down-regulating Cav1 expression. Then CAF-derived exosomes (CDEs)...
Cancer associated-fibroblast-derived exosomes in cancer progression. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):154. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sutherland TE, Dyer DP, Allen JE. The extracellular matrix and the immune system: a mutually dependent relationship. Science. 2023;379(6633):eabp8964. CAS Pub...
derived exosomes and their influence on cancer cells. TAMs have two opposing phenotypes; macrophages exhibiting pro-tumorigenic activity are termed M2-type macrophages, in contrast to the antitumorigenic M1 subtype. The phenotype of TAMs is regulated by specific tumor-derived chemokines and exosomes. ...
PD-1/PD-L1 interaction between host and tumor cells. Here, we show that exosomes derived from lung cancer cells express PD-L1 and play a role in immune escape by reducing T-cell activity and promoting tumor growth. The abundance of PD-L1 on exosomes represented the quantity of PD-L1 ...