Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic f
The traditional view holds that macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes and are classified into M1/M2 macrophages based on the different stimuli required for in vitro culture. M2 macrophages can be subdivided into four subsets: M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d.11M1 macrophages highly express mar...
Timeline for metabolic regulation of the immune system. Events mainly involving new findings or important reviews on metabolic pathways are in green boxes. Events mainly focusing on macrophages and T cells are are in bule and purple boxes. Light green boxes show events involving important molecules ...
dysfunction.36,37In IGF-1 overexpressing mice, dysregulated diastolic and contractile activity of aging hearts was improved, and cardiac aging was delayed by preservation of cardiac SERCA expression and activity.38,39Conversely, another study revealed that pharmacological targeting of cardiac IGF-1 pathwa...
1o). The combined results showed that Noc4l could improve IR in vivo and may be a candidate target for IR treatment. Noc4l was mainly expressed in both mouse and human adipose tissue macrophages and regulated by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Palmitic Acid (PA) For further experiments, mouse ...
for cardiac health and lifespan extension.40These results emphasize the regulatory function of IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor during aging progression, leading to a difficult discrimination between the cardiac and systemic consequences of IGF-1. To solve this puzzle, plasma IGF-1 deficiency41,42and ...
(known as FLT-1) is the first identified dual-function VEGF receptor, a 180–185 kDa glycoprotein, acting as a co-receptor for VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and PlGF.100VEGFR-1 is mainly active in various endothelial cells and non-endothelial cells (monocytes,101macrophages,102hematopoietic stem cells...
and ameliorated adipocyte enlargement.62In adipose tissues from HFD-fed mice, integrated multiomic analysis shows that the inflammatory genes are enriched in MAPK pathways in macrophages.68Licochalcone F, a synthetic retrochalcone, was found to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced expression of...
Fig. 1 Timeline for metabolic regulation of the immune system. Events mainly involving new findings or important reviews on metabolic pathways are in green boxes. Events mainly focusing on macrophages and T cells are are in bule and purple boxes. Light green boxes show events involving important ...
utilizing their metabolic byproducts. LA can shift tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from a proinflammatory (M1-like) to an anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype in the TME. Notably, lactate-activated TAMs enhance cancer cell adhesion, migration, invasion in vitro, and promote metastasis in ...