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Vaccine antigens and immune enhancers (as adjuvants) injected into the muscle are recognised by the body as potential pathogens and/or danger signals. This recognition leads to the stimulation of local cells, followed by the recruitment of blood immune cells to the local site and the production...
Instead of NICD, different transcription factors can be used. The mechanical forces between the receptor (antibody) and the cell- or surface-attached ligand (antigen) resulted in the release of the intracellular domain (transcription factor) and the transcription of specific genes (report...
GENE enhancersGENETIC regulationGENETIC transcription regulationEpigenetic dysregulation of chromatin is one of the hallmarks of cancer development and progression, and it is continuously investigated as a potential general bio-marker of this complex disease. One of the nuclear factors involved in gene ...
LncRNAs can span large stretches of DNA sequence and can contain important regulatory regions, such as enhancers, that are functionally independent of the lncRNA product [182]. LncRNA promoters have been proposed to also function as enhancers, promoting the recruitment of transcriptional-activating fac...
Besides these directly oncogenic products, insertion of HBV DNA promoters and enhancers may activate cellular oncogenes like myc (see below) or disrupt negative regulators of proliferation. In some cases fusion proteins of cellular growth factors and HBV proteins were even observed [72]. However, th...
(Walsh and Lynch2018), here, the genetic information that causes the increase in the rate of a particular fusion mutation is complex: it involves all of the information that makes these two genes interact tightly, such as promoters, enhancers, transcription factors and epigenetic marks of the ...
females. In addition, while this SNP could be responsible for increasing MRSV transcription, the increase in MS risk associated with the presence of rs662139 T/C could be secondary to an increase in inflammation, oxidative stress and localised DNA demethylation secondary to changes in activity in...
while loss of the secondNf2allele abolished Nf2 protein expression (Supplementary Figure4A and B).Nf2is an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling cascade [29], which prevents nuclear YAP/TAZ localization and activation oftranscriptionenhancersactivationdomain (TEAD) family members [30]. Accordingly,...
Through use of mouse conditional knockout technology, we now know that Schwann cells actively respond to nerve injury and this process is regulated by a number of genes, but expression of the transcription factor c-JUN is crucial [13,14] (Fig.1). We also know that Schwann cells do not ...