1. 概念介绍: Direct reciprocity(直接互惠):采取的行动取决于你对自己的行为。要求与同一个人重复互动,这就需要考虑长期利益。 Indirect reciprocity(间接互惠):采取的行动也取决于你对其他人做出的行为。不要求个人有以前互动的先例,也不要求他们再次互动。假设通过帮助某人,可以提高你的声誉,这种声誉收益在未来与他...
Either indirect approaches are unavailable, or the motives for observable household decisions cannot be untangled, given existing theory and data. Because of these reasons, direct methods will remain a prominent part of the benefit estimation picture. Whether economists will alter the order of ...
guarantee may not derivedirect benefitfromthe finance provided, but rather indirect benefit [...] daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org 在上述启动后融资方面 的集团内担保情形下,提供担保的成员可能并没有从所提供的融资中获得直接利 益,而是获得间接利益,因为在集团活动中它们可能必须依靠借款实体(如在...
the balance between immediate small spends and longer-term larger investment; and the balance between direct and indirect benefits to the community. As we discuss below, navigating the complex terrain between divergent views in these three areas, involved considerable relational work which could make ...
...人之间的交往为例,这些差异表现在以 下几个方面:直接与间接(direct and indirect)。 www.docin.com|基于5个网页 2. 直接和间接 招聘职... ... 从属职位 Dimensions 下属总职位数,直接和间接Total number of subordinates,direct and indirect全职 Full Time ... ...
Well-designed procurement strategies also help other departments in the company operate more smoothly. These are several functions that benefit from targeted strategies for direct versus indirect spending. 1. Better inventory management Inventory management keeps track of the quantity and type of materials...
(Cole and Bayfield, 1993; Brunbjerg et al., 2014). The disentangling of direct and indirect effects of rock climbing and abiotic factors may be facilitated by the use of structural equation modelling. Furthermore, direct measures of human impacts, comparable to the recording of human damage in...
Direct and indirect reciprocity are key mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Direct reciprocity means that individuals use their own experience to decide whether to cooperate with another person. Indirect reciprocity means that they also consider
1.On direct and indirect economic benefis in investing in Baozhan Highway;浅淡宝瞻公路投资直接经济效益与潜在收益 2.Assessment on direct economic benefit for urban rail transit project;城市轨道交通项目直接经济效益评估与实证研究 3.A Discussion about the Calculation of Direct Economic Effectiveness of ...
Direct and indirect compensation are the keys. Balancing salary, bonuses, and benefits to maximize employee value takes strategy and know-how. Fear not — in this post, we'll break it all down. You'll learn the ins and outs of direct pay like wages and stock options. We'll also ...