Our results suggest that forest management may strongly alter insect communities of tree holes, while nematodes and bacteria seem less affected. Most effects in our study were indirect and negative, indicating that management has often complex consequences for forest communities that should be taken ...
forest layers is indirect and positive, suggesting that the dominant competitor is the main factor limiting diversity.In conclusion, we have found strong evidence that the dominant species of the canopy can influence, both directly and indirectly, the diversity of the different vertical forest layers...
Moreover, climatic factors had a strong impact on the soil microbiome, but this effect was indirect, modulated by soil pH. We also found indications for cascading effects of environmental factors via interlinkages within and among the above- and belowground communities. Our results highlight the ...
The flow and distribution of costs and benefits in the Chuliban community forest, Dhankuta district, Nepal If these FUGs and community forests are managed properly, they can provide many direct and indirect benefits to the local communities on a sustainable ... M Maharjan - Network Paper - Rura...
Management of forest for wood production has altered ecosystem structures and processes and led to habitat loss and species extinctions, worldwide. Deadwood is a key resource supporting forest biodiversity, and commonly declines following forest management. However, different forest management methods affect...
We investigated whether gray squirrels cache primarily to gain direct benefits or if they also gain indirect benefits by sharing caches with kin. If squirrels share caches with kin, then genetically related squirrels should live near one another and cache near one another to facilitate cache sharing...
SuperPATH is a novel approach to the hip joint that needs to be compared to other known surgical approaches. To conduct a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing short-term outcomes of SuperPATH, direct anterior (DAA)
Schwagerl, JosephDunphy, B.K., Hamrick, J.L., Schwagerl, J., 2004. A comparison of direct and indirect measures of gene flow in the bat-pollinated tree Hymenaea courbaril in the dry forest life zone of south-western Puerto Rico. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165, ...
Example of Raw Materials Consider a company manufactures tables and chairs. Below are the materials used in production: Direct raw materials:timber, wood, cushions, padding for the chairs, cloth fabric to cover the chairs Indirect raw materials:fittings, nails, wood glue, equipment for workers ...
Globally, kelps are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic impacts, including overharvesting, overgrazing, invasive species, poor water quality, and the direct and indirect effects of climate change. To address these threats and preserve the services provided by these foundation species, we show ...