Over the past decade, cancer stem cells have emerged as the centerpiece of cancer research, having a major role in resistance to conventional therapy and in the metastatic spread of tumours. The authors discuss the biological complexity of this subpopula
CTAs are a class of antigens not typically expressed by normal cells outside of the testes—cells of which do not express MHC class I, nor present antigens to CD8+ T cells. However, CTAs are frequently expressed on cancer cells.30 Human CTAs, such as synovial sarcoma X-2 (SSX-2), ...
Exosomes released from tumour cells express CD39 and CD73, which increase ADO levels in the TME and suppress T cells’ functions [140]. Additionally, EVs derived from tumour cells were shown to contain ADO and inosine [141,142]. Interestingly, contact between EVs and CD8+ Teff cells caused...
Outside the liver, most cells do not express the full array of enzymes necessary to convert tryptophan to NAD⁺. But it can also be recycled or salvaged from nicotinamide (NAM), a by-product of when enzymes use NAD⁺ as a cofactor. Most tryptophan is metabolized to NAM in the liver,...
However, CD38 is expressed in endothelial cells [110] and NAADP is synthesized in response to endothelial autacoids, such as histamine [111]. In addition, NAADP supports the angiogenic Ca2+ response to VEGF in HUVEC [104]. It has been proposed that NAADP induces local EL Ca2+ release ...
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Alice Rothnie, DPhil, Senior Lecturer, Biochemistry, Aston University, on: ‘Membrane protein production using insect cells’. Annie Frelet-Barrand, PhD, Researcher, MN2S, Institut FEMTO-ST, on: ‘Lactococcus lactis, a promising cell factory to functionally express membrane proteins’. ...
(high), CD2, CD26, CD38, CD94 (high), and HLADR (high, heterogeneous) antigens, and negative for surface CD3, TCR, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD16, CD56, CD57, and CD161, as well as for cytoplasmic CD3; in addition, they express intracellular granzyme B and perforin...
Fig. 1: Mechanism of regulatory T cells. Tregs down-regulate the expression of CD80/CD86 in DCs through CTLA-4, increase the expression of PD-L1, promote the binding of Treg-DC, reduce the secretion of IL-12, and hinder the antigen presentation.Tregs express IL-2 receptor, which competiti...
CM313 is a monoclonal antibody directed against CD38, a glycoprotein expressed mainly on plasma cells [124]. A phase Ib/II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT05465707) will evaluate its safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy in patients with SLE who will receive di...