MrModeltest v2.2 [36] was used to determine the most appropriate model of nucleotide substitution based on hierarchical likelihood ratio tests. For the mtDNA COI/COII data set MrModeltest identified the GTR+I+G model [37,38], and forTpi, the GTR+G model [37,38]. Bayesian phylogenetic an...
In autopolyploid lineages, where both genome copies arise from the same species7, polyploid progeny could inherit the sex chromosomes from the diploid ancestor8. However, allopolyploidy, where hybridization between species combines one duplicated copy of each ancestral genome, could lead to diverse sex...
Conditions with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern are passed from parent to offspring in a particular way. The genes for these conditions are located on autosomes, not sex chromosomes, and two copies of the disease allele must be present in in...
Most cancers have many chromosomal abnormalities, both in number and in structure, whereas some show only a single aberration. In the era before molecular biology, cancer researchers, studying both human and animal cancers, proposed that a small number o
ex: red and white allele for a gene = pink phenotype Codominance A condition in which both traits are equally expressedex: a chicken with black and white feathers trisomy 3 copies of a chromosome monosome missing a chromosome nondysjunction the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in ...
acta neuropathol commun (2020) 8:187 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-020-01059-5 RESEARCH Open Access Carriership of two copies of C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat intermediate‑length alleles is a risk factor for ALS in the Finnish population Karri Kaivola1,2* , Samuli...
To monitor IL-4 expression at the single-cell level, we generated mice with insertions of different reporter genes into both copies of the Il4 gene that permitted the simultaneous analysis of IL-4 transcripts via GFP and IL-4 protein secretion by use of huCD2. Innate and adaptive cells com...
How can two copies of an autosomal gene affect the phenotype? What is the difference between convergent evolution and gene flow? Compare dominant and recessive traits. How do mutations lead to genetic variation? How are autosomal traits, including recessive, genetic? How do populations evolve the ...
The largest chromosome, chromosome 1, is 300778 bp and includes a 15 Kb direct repeat sequence at 97558:113073 and 285262:300778 bp. There were reads that spanned both copies of the 15 Kb repeat sequence supporting that both copies occur in a single circular chromosome and no reads...
Dark blue shading represents homozygous mice with two copies of the edit. Percentages of the N1F1 generation indicate the expected (not actual) mendelian frequencies of each genotype. c, Representative images of left and right front paws of pups from Hoxd13-...