A group of transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, and play critical roles as PRRs (1). TLR signaling activates antigen-presentin...
In this drawing of Toll-Like Receptors, the Roman numeral I points to a receptor that might serve as a second signal to activate ___ and the signal labeled II might alert ___ to the presence of viruses. 相关知识点: 试题来源: 解析 thymus-independent...
Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLRs)在天然免疫系统中是模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR)里保守的一大家族,作为一类特定受体在人体免疫系统中扮演着重要作用,而TLR4是最早发现的TLRs家族成员,在参与天然免疫中发挥重要作用...
Toll-like Receptors Function TLR signaling can induce a variety of functions in cells, which are dependent on the specific receptor, cell type, and other co-stimulatory signals involved. TLRs can stimulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proliferation and survival mechanisms, and facilitate ...
Indeed, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as 1 family of PRRs, expressed on APCs (e.g macrophages) and help discremenate between self and nonself recognition. For example, TLRs recognize different variants of PAMPs (Table 1), including bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), ...
Rhee SH, Jones BW, Toshchakov V, Vogel SN, Fenton MJ (2003) Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 activate STAT1 serine phosphorylation by distinct mechanisms in macrophages. J Biol Chem 278:22506–22512Rhee, S.H. , Jones, B.W. , Toshchakov, V. , Vogel, S.N. , and Fenton, M.J. ( ...
For decades, it was considered that the way macrophages recognize pathogens is nonspecific, based on the fact that they do not carry rearranged receptors. However, accumulating evidence suggests that innate immunity can discriminate pathogens as nonself from self through a group of transmembrane ...
Toll-like receptor (tōl′līk′) n. Any of a class of proteins that are located within membranes, often on the cell surface, and are an important part of the innate immune system. Toll-like receptors recognize and bind to pathogens or to fragments resulting from cell damage and then activ...
This work identifies two rare genetic variants ofUNC93B1that contribute to the development of childhood-onset lupus. Mice that expressed one of these variants developed a lupus-like disease. UNC93B1 is known to regulate the localization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the endosome, andUNC93B1...
Originally published as Nature 401, 811–815; 1999 Macrophages orchestrate innate immunity by phagocytosing pathogens and coordinating inflammatory responses1. Effective defence requires the host to discriminate between different pathogens. The specifici