On the one hand side, the dimensionality may be reduced, meaning that matrix inversion is easier to perform. Also, gradient descent algorithms may profit from selecting low-dimensional updates in each step.Mathé, PeterWeierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and StochasticsSpringer, Singapore
Elitism and keeping the best solutions are efficient for multimodal and multi-objective problems. Elitism in genetic algorithms and selection of the better cuckoos are good examples of the selection of the fittest. In contrast with the selection of the best solutions, an efficient metaheuristic ...
Methodologically, these definitions also allow us to replace the parametric estimation problems that followed the ‘counterfactual’ definition of causal effects by combinatorial enumeration and randomization problems in non-experimental samples. We use the resulting non-parametric framework to demonstrate (...
M. Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90, 443–450 (1995). Google Scholar Burgess, S., Davies, N. M. & Thompson, S. G. Bias due to participant overlap in ...
Fig. 4. Forest plots showing the causal effects of gut microbes and bacterial metabolic pathways on acne. The results of OR and 95%CI in this table were obtained by the method of inverse–variance weighted. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Additionally, PWY-6891 was excluded ...
Furthermore, SNPs associated with osteoarthritis or with confounding factors (bone density, body weight, BMI, obesity, and diabetes) were excluded using PhenoScanner. Statistical analysis for MR Heterogeneity for both inverse-variance weighted (IVW) and MR-Egger methods was evaluated through Cochran’...
GWAS of thyroid stimulating hormone highlights pleiotropic effects and inverse association with thyroid cancer. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3981. 317. Zhu J, Jiang X, Niu Z. Alcohol consumption and risk of breast and ovarian cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Genet. 2020;245:35–41...
Results: MR-GGI applies one gene as the exposure and another as the outcome, using causal cis-single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables in the inverse- variance weighted MR model. Through simulations, we have demonstrated MR-GGI's ability to control type 1...
The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main statistical model. The stability and reliability of the results were verified by the Cochran’s Q test, the Egger-intercept test, and the leave-one-out analysis. Results Smoking per day was causally associated with the risk of...
The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method The IVW method was proposed by Burgess et al.and is used in multi-instrumental variable MR analysis [14,15]. Herein, we defineG={G1,G2,G3...GJ}as IVs, X as an exposure factor and Y as an outcome. We assume the j-th VI (Gj) has ...