According to the amyloid hypothesis, the pathogenic changes related to AD start with the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain. These Aβ peptides form oligomers and insoluble amyloid plaques which are neurotoxic and trigger harmful downstream events such as the aggregation of the ...
The Aβ peptide is a 39–43 amino acid residue peptide, a regular secretion product of the metabolism of transmembrane protein APP, which is mainly processed in two ways: amyloidosis and non-amyloidosis [44]. Through the amyloid pathway, APP is broken down into Aβ by β- and γ-secretase...
Pathological features in Alzheimer’s brains include mitochondrial dysfunction and dystrophic neurites (DNs) in areas surrounding amyloid plaques. Using a mouse model that overexpresses reticulon 3 (RTN3) and spontaneously develops age-dependent hippocampal DNs, here we report that DNs contain both RTN3...
Additionally, restoration of Slc1a2 function improved cognitive functions, restored synaptic integrity and reduced amyloid plaques in a AD model mice75. Figure 1 summarizes the phenotypes of impaired glutamate buffering in astrocytes in human and mouse AD. Conclusions We reviewed the pathological ...
Notably, noninvasive retinal optical imaging has been used to detect amyloid plaques, atrophy, and vascular damage in living AD patients [16,19,23,53,57,61,77,100]. Pilot studies have found that the retinal amyloid load is significantly greater in patients with preclinical AD, mild cognitive ...
On the molecular level, the pathology is characterized mainly by the accumulation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and dystrophic neurites consisting of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein3, which can be identified by Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-positron emission tomography (PET) and tau-PET...
's open access journalAlzheimer's Research & Therapy, shows that PA and AD brains contain similar amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and that while on average AD brains contain more Aβ there was considerable overlap in Aβ subtypes. These results suggest that PA may simply be an early stage of ...
of future advancements in the lipidomics field for AD research. To elucidate the central role of lipids in converging multiple pathological aspects of AD, we reviewed the current knowledge on the interplay between lipids and major AD features, including amyloid beta, tau, and neuroinflammation. ...
Crauwels1, N. V. Manyakov2, W. Van Der Elst3, D. Moechars1 and W. H. I. M. Drinkenburg1,4* Abstract The two main histopathological hallmarks that characterize Alzheimer's Disease are the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. ...
Sparse amyloid plaques were observed in the cere- bral cortex (Thal phase for Aβ plaques: 2, CERAD: Sparse). Both α-synuclein and TDP-43 pathology were absent in this case. Gliosis was severe in the bilateral hippocampus and amygdala. Astrocytosis with neuronal loss was prominent in the...