In the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire found itself in a precarious financial situation, trailing behind European technological advancements and struggling to maintain necessary military strength. Despite the global upsurge in trade and capital flows associated with the early wave of globalization, ...
After a time, Ibrāhīm’s rule became unpopular because his taxes were heavy and because he tried to disarm and conscript the population. The European powers (exceptFrance) also objected to Egyptian rule in Syria because it was a threat to the Ottoman Empire, the weakness or disintegration of...
Most Christians and Jews welcomed the occupation; among the Muslims a large proportion had remained loyal to the empire, as being all that was left of the political independence of Islam, but the nationalist societies had made common cause with the ruler of the Hejaz, Sharīf Hussein, forming...