In this Review, we provide a broad overview of the pathways that connect the gut and the brain, and explore the complex dialogue between microorganisms and neurons at this emerging intestinal neuroepithelial interface. We highlight relevant microbial factors, endocrine cells and neural mechanisms that...
In general, phage induction can be influenced by nutrient availability. The effect of diet on bacteriophage populations can be clearly seen when shifting from a low-fat diet to a high-fat diet (Howe et al.2016). Bacterial lysis also leads to local inflammation in the intestinal epithelium due...
Our studies support the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota may help protect against AD, in part, by supporting the generation of select SCFAs, which interfere with the formation of toxic soluble Aβ aggregates. 展开 关键词: Alzheimer’ s disease, beta-amyloid (Aβ ), fibrils,...
The underlying mechanisms contributing to the high prevalence of MetS in SZ patients remain unclear; however, several risk factors have been identified. These include the neurodevelopmental aspects of SZ itself, genetic predispositions, unhealthy dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking, and particularly...
intestinal hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which transfer indirect signals to the brain through vagus nerve and systemic pathways. All of these pathways ultimately affect learning, mood, and memory (Dalile et al.2019). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major reason for ...
burst of reactive oxygen species and impeded mitochondrial activity and ATP reservoirs in microglia. We validated the age-dependent rise in CML levels in the sera and brains of humans. Finally, a microbiota-dependent increase in intestinal permeability in aged mice mediated the elevated levels of ...
Intestinal microbes modulate the maturation and function of tissue-resident immune cells in the CNS. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the gut microbiota and immune...
A cross-sectional study on intestinal microbiota composition performed on 230 healthy subjects at four European locations (France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden) showed gut microbiota differences in relationship to sex and country in two groups of age. The first group contains adults aged between 20 ...
Trillions of intestinal bacteria in the human body undergo dynamic transformations in response to physiological and pathological changes. Alterations in their composition and metabolites collectively contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease is ...
“gut–brain axis”, along which the GM plays a crucial role. A number of experimental observations have shown that even mild alterations in GM composition are able to cause modification of cerebral functions, while conversely the brain can deeply affect intestinal functions via the secretion of ...