The cells of the immune system interface with a diverse set of environmental conditions. Circulating immune cells perfuse peripheral organs in the blood and lymph, patrolling for pathogen invasion. Resident immune cells remain in tissues and play more newly appreciated roles in tissue homeostasis and...
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2. Cellular metabolism in a nutshell 3. Naïve T cells display a metabolic quiescent phenotype 4. T cell activation requires the orchestration of signaling pathways and metabolic reprogramming 5. Memory T cells—remembering metabolic pathways 6. Regulatory T cells—against the (glycolytic) flow 7....
As NAD+-dependent signaling pathways involve the degradation of NAD+, cells require continuous replenishment of NAD+ that can be accomplished by an efficient NAD+ biosynthesis [10]. The three canonical pathways for the synthesis of NAD+ in mammalian cells are the Preiss-Handler pathway, de novo...
metabolism, purine metabolism, and the cAMP signaling pathway. Conversely, the serum metabolome had higher coverage of lysine degradation, phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Approximately 80% of the ...
Cells or samples were divided into high- and low-score subgroups in terms of the median value of R-loop scores. Analysis of cell–cell interaction and cytokine signaling activity Clustering analysis was conducted according to the integrated joint embedding generated by Harmony with the Louvain ...
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has a paradoxical role in cancer progression, and it acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages but a tumor promoter in the late stages of cancer. Once cancer cells are generated, TGF-β signaling is r
However, in advanced tumors, TGF-β can promote proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells [2, 7]. Studies have revealed that this is due to the mutation of key signaling molecules in the process of TGF-β signal transduction, leading to a loss of its antitumor effects in ...
Current immunotherapies yield remarkable clinical outcomes by boosting the power of host immunity in cancer cell elimination and viral clearance. However, after prolonged antigen exposure, CD8+ T cells differentiate into a special differentiation state known as T-cell exhaustion, which poses one of the...
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