Some physical exam signs are technically challenging and have variable interoperator reliability. Obesity, valvular heart disease, and impaired right heart function make interpretation of jugular venous distention contentious. These difficulties have led to the proliferation of innumerable techniques to aid ...
Monitor vital signs routinely, especiallyblood pressureandheart rate. Assess for manifestations such as tachycardia,hypertension, andtachypnea, which can indicate fluid volume excess and guide appropriate fluid management interventions. Sinus tachycardia and increasedblood pressureare early indicators of fluid ...