a patient may have edema related tovenous stasisor pulmonary crackles fromatelectasisdespite intravascular effective arterial volume depletion. Some physical exam signs are technically challenging and have variable interoperator reliability. Obesity,valvular heart disease, and impaired right heart function make...
Monitor vital signs routinely, especiallyblood pressureandheart rate. Assess for manifestations such as tachycardia,hypertension, andtachypnea, which can indicate fluid volume excess and guide appropriate fluid management interventions. Sinus tachycardia and increasedblood pressureare early indicators of fluid ...