How does acetyl-CoA enter gluconeogenesis? Why does FADH2 yield less ATP than NADH? What is the role of NADH in metabolism? Why does gluconeogenesis occur? Why is pyruvate reduced during fermentation and not cellular respiration? Why does oxaloacetate need to leave the mitochondria to go through...
Calculate the net ATP molecules generated (include ATP generated from oxidation of all cofactors) when 1 molecule of fructose-6-phosphate is converted into 2 acetyl-CoA molecules. Assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used. One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway...
2010). Inhibition of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation is mediated by increase in the transcription of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase with the subsequent inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase and conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). This inhibition is accompanied by a ...
There are two main sources of ROS in muscle fibers: 1) mitochondria that form ROS during incomplete coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation [70] and NADPH-oxidase-2 (NOX-2), which localizes in the sarcolemma and internal membranes (for refs see [71]). During long-tim...
The product of the overall reaction is acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which is a carbohydrate molecule that puts the Krebs cycle in motion. Cycles are endless. Products of some reactions in the cycle are used to keep the cycle going. An example is acetyl CoA: It's a product of the...
As the primary ketone body found in the blood during the process of ketosis, BHB serves us principally as a fuel source. During the process of breaking down this ketone, BHB is used as fuel by the mitochondria after being converted into acetoacetate and then to acetyl-CoA, an enzyme that ...
Calculate the net ATP molecules generated (include ATP generated from oxidation of all cofactors) when 1 molecule of fructose-6-phosphate is converted into 2 acetyl-CoA molecules. Assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used. In total, how many ATP are generated in aerobic cellular respiration...
How is acetyl-CoA essential to taking products from glycolysis and turning them into inputs for the Krebs cycle? Why does the rate of oxygen consumption of a neuron increase when it conducts a high frequency of impulses? What effect would elevated cortisol levels have on blood glucose levels?
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and one molecule of: (a) NADH (b) FADH2 (c) ATP (d) ADP (e) C6H12O6 What happens to pyruvate before it can enter the Krebs cycle? What is...
Describe the function of organelles, cells, tissues, and the organ system as well as their role in the cell. How does bile go to the stomach? How is digestion affected in a patient who has had his or her gallbladder removed? Is the importance acetyl-CoA that ...