The signaling effectors underlying the provenance of these spatially distinct functional regions in the nephron remains unclear. Multiple gradients (e.g., chemical, osmolar, nutritive, and oxygen availability) exist and largely correlate in the nephron, which could therefore benefit from many of the ...
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Studies on HLA-G expression being modulated by aberrant signaling pathways are limited. Chemotherapy upregulated HLA-G by inhibiting DNMT1 and inducing demethylation of TAP1, providing opportunities for anti-HLA-G CAR-NK cells to eliminate cancer cells [22]. More recent research demonstrated that E...
HLA-G/ILT-4 signaling was crucial to tumor angiogenesis, documented with that the interplay between HLA-G and ILT4 boosted the expression of VEGF-C in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and NSCLC, thereby facilitating the tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis [105, 237, 238]. Thus, a ...
Additionally, the mitochondrial DAMPs and other released cellular components create a signaling gradient, allowing the nearby neutrophils to precisely home to the targeted site [15]. DAMPs released by ruptured cardiomyocytes also induce cardiac mast cell degranulation, resulting in the release of contents...
HER2 and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor): Both receptors are involved in signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation. CXCR4 and uPAR (Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor): These receptors are also involved in the regulation of cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. NF-...
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors—which may enhance lymphatic vessel tone and contractility by affecting intracellular signaling pathways (e.g. PDE-4 inhibitors). 4. Endothelin receptor agonists—investigated for their ability to regulate lymphatic tone. 5. Anti-inflammatory agents (like corticosteroid...
[57]. Pervasively, metastatic tumor stem cells infiltrating the brain augment the release of IL-1β, enhancing the expression of JAG1 in astrocytes. This significant activation elicits notch1 signaling during the astrocytes-stem cells interaction, leading to the upregulation of the transcription ...
The connection between T cells and target cells induces the formation of “immunologic synapses”, eliciting a cytotoxic response against the tumor cells via the CD3-transduced activating signaling cascade in T lymphocytes (Figure 1C) [95]. In their basic structure, BiTEs contain a linker sequence...
et al. Wnt signaling arrests effector T cell differentiation and generates CD8+ memory stem cells. Nature Med. 15, 808–813 (2009). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mackall, C. L., Fry, T. J. & Gress, R. E. Harnessing the biology of IL-7 for therapeutic application. Nature Rev...