However, predominantly clonal selection, and to a very limited extent co-circulation of sublineages, is responsible for the evolution of influenza A viruses. Studies on phylogenetic analysis have identified several host-specific virus lineages for various viral proteins, except HA and NA genes. The ...
Smith, D. J. et al. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus.Science305, 371–376 (2004).This is a seminal study that documented the continuous genetic but punctuated antigenic evolution of A/H3N2 viruses and introduced antigenic cartography — a computational tool for quant...
Virology The genomic evolution of human influenza A virus THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY NelsonMartha IThe genetic diversity and evolutionary plasticity of the influenza A virus poses a continual, yet unpredictable threat to public health. The notorious 1918 pandemic of 'Spanish flu' was associated ...
Host immunity has a dual role in governing the pace of virus evolution: innate immunity acts as a constraint on the generation of new virus variants, whereas adaptive immunity selects for immune escape mutants The acute nature of influenza virus infections and population-level epidemics provides lim...
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution...
of the current A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b virus lineage to reassort and target the central nervous system warrants concerted planning to combat the spread and evolution of the virus within the continent and to mitigate the impact of a potential influenza pandemic that could originate from similar A(H5N1...
A Chinese research team has systematically identified the origin, evolution, and propagation of the H5N1 virus, which has caused avian influenza outbreaks globally. The research, conducted by the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute under the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, was published recently...
Vaccines constitute a unique selective pressure, different from natural selection, drives the evolution of influenza virus. In this study, A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998 (H9N2) was continually passaged in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs with or without selective pressures from antibodies ...
Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza vi...
The HA and NA genes of influenza B were fully sequenced. The prevalence is the highest in the 6–17 years old group among people infected with influenza B. Yamagata-lineage virus evolved to two inter-clade from 2011–2014 to 2014–2017. The amino acids substitutions of HA1 region were R...