The Article argues that Third Generation Discrimination operates on its own continuum that perpetuates the complexity of bias-based discrimination and requires an interrupter to allow for meaningful change in litigation success and, as a result, workplace culture....
To fill this gap in the research, we focused on workplace sexual harassment, which has been identified as one of the most pervasive and costly negative workplace occurrences (Berdahl & Raver,2010; Willness et al.,2007). Sexual harassment is defined in this study as “unwanted sex-related be...
Z 可以捕捉到所有潜在的混杂因素(confounder),所以模型可以通过控制 z_i 来减轻混杂偏倚(confounding bias)。我们将 Z 称为混杂因素表征(confounder representation)。 Representation Balancing 由于混杂因素表征Z的分布在对照组(control group)和实验组(treatment group)可能存在差异,从而对因果效应估计的结果(causal ...
Fig. 1. Proposed conceptual model of how equitable management can reduce workplace sexual harassment and its labor productivity costs, for both victims and witnesses. 3. Materials and methods We have adopted an observational study methodology grounded in surveys to probe our conceptual model, relying...
Sex bias in hiring: Effects of job demands and applicant competence Managers in a large corporation evaluated application materials representing one of eight hypothetical job candidates. In order to examine the effects of two types of information on sex bias, three factors were manipulated in a fact...
A systematic literature search was conducted on studies investigating the relation between simulated or realistic workplace stressors and neck-shoulder and forearm muscle activity. For studies meeting the inclusion criteria, a risk of bias assessment was performed and data were extracted for synthesis. ...
Even though these research findings considerably contribute to the understanding of the relationship between work-related stress and health over the course of time, the findings are usually based on retrospective data and are thus prone to various forms of bias (e.g., recall bias). The ...
investigation.Witness opinions biased judgments of event cause and witness confidence.Background information biased judgments of cause and the value of evidence.Background information biased participants to misclassify more opinions as facts.Paper provides bias mitigation suggestions for professionals in the ...
the condition that recalled pornography had more religious people than the control condition (which should bias against finding results; results not tabulated). Therefore, we conduct an ANCOVA to compare whether our results are robust to including our measure of religiosity. We find that the results...
It is also important to bear in mind that the use of questionnaires is always subject to response bias, and that participating in experiments may cause demand characteristic bias or Hawthorne effects [71]. However, the latter was controlled for by adding a control group because the magnitude of...