6. The fast gating of the calcium channels in the terminal ensures that they are effectively opened during the repolarization phase of an action potential. This implies that the distance between open calcium channels is minimized, which is in agreement with the view that multiple calcium channels ...
Answer to: Fill in the blank: During the ___ phase of an action potential the sodium channels are inactivating and voltage-gated potassium...
AP = action potential; BM = body mass; CaT = action potential–induced Ca2+ transient; ECG = electrocardiogram; HR = heart rate; LCR = spontaneous local subcellular calcium release; RR interval (heart rate in vivo); SAN = sinoatrial node; Vm = membrane potential. Our results also indicate...
The increase of the cAMP-level opens the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel, which leads to an influx of sodium and calcium ions, and hence to the depolarisation of the neuron. The initial depolarisation is amplified through the opening of other channels and chloride efflux [23]. The OR...
Studies have shown that the LOX pathway of membrane lipid conversion is an independent signaling pathway (Santino et al. 2013). This signal is enhanced by an autocatalytic cycle involving calcium ions and the calcium-binding protein calmodulin. Hydroperoxides produced by LOX activity on linoleic ...
Du et al reported transition-metal dyshomeostasis, particularly an excess of copper ions (Cu2+), has been identified as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) [120]. Cu2+catalyzes the production ofROS, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal cell apoptosis. This ...
An aqueous medium has been preferred because of the more efficient grinding action, beneficial rheological properties of the ore in a slurry form, which enables the use of pumps in the transportation of the ore, favorable conditions for chemical dispersion and control in a liquid medium, as well...
The final state of cellular homeostasis disruption is cell death. In a way, the elimination of dead cells by the immune system is an effective way to maintain homeostasis. But a sustained or strong immune response can cause tissue and cell damage. However, cell necrosis, pyroptosis and ferropto...
Luttrell BM (1993) The biological relevance of the binding of calcium ions by inositol phosphates. J Biol Chem 268(3):1521–1524 PubMed CAS Google Scholar Apostol I, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1989) Rapid stimulation of an oxidative burst during elicitation of cultured plant cells: role in de...
41 Hence, membrane lipid peroxidation associated with in an altered membrane fluidity, altered permeability to ions and changes in the activity of membrane bound enzymes have been implicated in the PTZ-induced epilepsy. Inhibition of the activities of all three ATPases, as observed in the present...