DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the nucleic acid polymer that forms the genetic code for a cell or virus. Most DNA molecules consist of two polymers (double-stranded) of four nucleotides that each consist of a nucleobase, the carbohydrate deoxyribose and a phosphate group, where the carbohydrate ...
(CN)6]3-/4-redox system. Upon DNA adsorption, the coulombic repulsion between negatively-charged ferrocyanide ions in the buffer and negatively-charged DNA phosphate groups on the electrode surface partially hinder the diffusion of ferrocyanide ions to the electrode surface. This generates a Faradaic...
Identify the phosphate group and deoxyribose. [1 mark] 3. Draw a labelled diagram to show how four nucleotides are joined together to form a double-stranded DNA molecule with two base pairs. [3 marks] 4. State two differences between RNA and DNA nucleotides. [2 marks] Reference: Clegg, ...
PCR duplicates are defined as sequencing reads resulting from two or more PCR amplicons of the same DNA molecule. Although bioinformatic tools are available to identify and remove PCR duplicates during data analysis [18], minimizing ...
l DNA ligase: under the action of ATP, DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between the 3'hydroxyl group and the 5' phosphate group of the adjacent Okazaki fragment, thus connecting the two Okazaki fragments. Fig. 10 Repair of Okazaki fragment ...
The phosphate groups are negatively charged at neutral pH, their pKa being near 0 (refer, for instance, to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/DNA/DNA_structure among others). That is why DNA is a negatively charged molecule and, more precisely, an anionic ...
Each strand of a DNA molecule is composed of a long chain of monomer nucleotides. The nucleotides of DNA consist of a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which is attached a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases: two purines (adenine and guanine) and two pyrimidines (cytosine and thymi...
). The mechanism involves a catalytic water molecule in the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of the 3′-terminal nucleotide positioned in the exonuclease site (Fig. 6.2). One of the metal ions, apparently Mg2+, is coordinated with the phosphate oxygens, stabilizing the pentacovale...
Damage can be caused by reactions that disrupt bonds in the nucleobases, the deoxyribose sugar ring, or the phosphate groups of DNA or by the addition of chemical moieties such as hydroxyl groups, methyl groups, or even bulkier groups derived from polycyclic molecules. Such additions are often ...
laevis, P212121 space group). In each case, the asymmetric crystallographic unit contains a protein bound to a dsDNA molecule. The root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) between the three vertebrate GG complexes range from 0.47 to 0.65 Å, indicating high structural conservation between the ...