The CD4+TC subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Th9, Th22, and Tfh) differ in their extra-cellular and intracellular markers. Each TC subset releases specific cytokines that can have either pro- or anti-inflammatory functions, and they play either pathogenic or protective functions in human disea...
Here we address these questions by combining modification-induced misincorporation tRNA sequencing (mim-tRNAseq)—a method we recently developed to quantify the abundance of mature tRNA with high accuracy and resolution21,22—with ribosome profiling and Pol III chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing (C...
Autophagy contributes to clearing the cells of all irreversibly oxidized biomolecules (proteins, DNA and lipids), this is all the more reason why it could be included in the antioxidant and DNA damage repair systems. Open Questions How do ROS and oxidative stress affect autophagy? Which are the ...
Other candidate sites for TZD action include skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreatic beta cells, and tissue-specific conditional knockouts of PPARγ are now being used to address these questions. Uncertainty also surrounds the key transcriptional events by which PPARγ reduces insulin resistance (see ...
Some exciting biological questions require quantifying thousands of proteins in single cells. To achieve this goal, we develop Single Cell ProtEomics by Mass Spectrometry (SCoPE-MS) and validate its ability to identify distinct human cancer cell types based on their proteomes. We use SCoPE-MS to ...
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other studies on medaka reported thatdmrt1was expressed at very low levels up to 15-20 days post-hatching (DPH), irrespective of the genetic sex [32,85]. These results lead us to raise two relevant questions: (1) does a high temperature accelerate the cascade of molecular events that lead...
Open Questions How are ATG proteins transported to the PC? How do ATG proteins recruited to the PC contribute to the biogenesis of phagophores and autophagosomes? Ciliary proteins are degraded by autophagy. How selective is this degradative pathway? Do some of these proteins contain motifs that ...
For example, in pSS, the following open questions remain about the role of ectopically formed lymphoid tissue in B-cell disturbances and autoimmune response: (1) Does the formation of ectopic GC-like structures characterize a distinct subgroup of patients? (2) Is the (auto)immune B-cell respon...