As you know, sperm cells look a bit like tadpoles with long tails, orflagella, which they whip in order to swim to their destination and fertilize an egg cell. The sperm tail is made of tubulin and is an example of a microtubule filament used for cell locomotion. Another well-known moti...
Today, we know that lin-4 was just the first example of a large number of small RNAs, called microRNAs, which regulate the expression of various other proteins in a similar way. Victor Ambros, whose lab published that first story about lin-4, has been studying microRNAs (3, 4) and ...
For example, resealed erythrocytes produced by dialysis are resistant to invasion and/or ring-stage growth up to ~20 hours post-entry18. Similarly, erythrocytes dialysed in the presence of the non-hydrolysable ATP ana- logue AMP-PNP were found to be unable to support either invasion, ...
2,3,10,19,20. These ESPs are mostly associated with features of cells with high complexity, such as cytoskeleton formation, transport and the shaping of membranes. For example, the observation that Asgard archaeal genomes encode
For example, the absence of sensory stimuli from mechanoreceptors of the sole skin possibly results in the functional activity of motor neurons innervating leg muscles [8]. Neuro- and molecular-physiological study results suppose the supporting system afferentation acting as a trigger in tonic ...
For example, the force generated from dense, branched actin structures in lamellipodia has been measured using cantilever deflection techniques to be approximately in the 1–2 nN/cm2 range [34]. In contrast, bundled actin networks in filipo- dia generate force is approximately 3–5 pN. ...
the amount and type of polysaccharides and structural proteins, and the presence of other salts. For example,boneis rich incalciumphosphate, giving that tissue its rigidity;tendonsare mostly fibrous structural proteins,yieldinga ropelike consistency; andjointspaces are filled with a lubricating fluid of...
Actin microfilaments form dense peripheral bands in the cell periphery and stress fibers in the central portions of endothelial cells.118 Actin microfilaments can change their orientation, distribution, and alignment based on the type of shear exposure. For example, in high laminar shear states, ...
When stress is applied, for example, in the form of hyperthermic conditions, loss of CHIP function leads to apoptosis at the cellular level and rapid death in mouse models (Dai et al., 2003). Mechanistically, in response to hyperthermic conditions, heat shock transcription factor (HSF1)-...
Acute hypoxia, for example, has been reported to enhance the migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells,5,6 whereas in L929 murine fibrosarcoma cells the migration is impaired under hypoxic conditions.4 Apart from cell type-dependent effects, different modes of migration, eg, different serum ...