plasma temperature/ current-voltage relationshipauroral regionmagnetosphereelectronsbiMaxwellian distributionWe derive the current-voltage relationship in the auroral region taking into account magnetospheric electrons for the bi-Maxwellian and kappa source plasma distribution functions. The current-voltage ...
The current yield of a bond is calculated by dividing the annual coupon payment by the bond’scurrent market value. Because this formula is based on the market value or purchase price rather than thepar valueof a bond, it more accurately reflects the profitability of a bond, relati...
These strong bottom-current events are correlated with a change in current direction and an increase in temperature. The periods of current intensification may be related to eddies. Note 2: Velocity measurements for some examples (e.g., Agulhas and Kushiro) were made on shallow-water settings. ...
Fig. 6.5. Current sources: (a) uncompensated; (b) with temperature compensation and rail rejection. VE=VP−VBE The resultant emitter current is (6.2)IE=VE/RE=(VP−VBE)/REThe collector current is very nearly equal to the emitter current so, if the emitter current is held constant, the...
The value of the electrical conductivity (conductance) and the specific electrical resistance (resistivity) is a temperature dependent material constant. Mostly it is given at 20 or 25°C. ResistanceR=ρ× (l / A) orR=l /(σ×A)
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Figure 3. Generalized manufacturing process for liquid and powdered infant milk formula. Potential milk fat globule membrane containing ingredient addition points indicated by * and ×. UHT, ultra-high temperature; IMF, infant milk formula. Display full size For powdered IMF, there are two primary ...
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For all simulations, the temperature was maintained at 300 K using the Nose-Hoover chains thermostat60. All complex leg simulations were run in theμVT ensemble whereby water molecules were sampled with grand canonical Monte Carlo; all solvent simulations were run in NPT using the Martyna-Tobias...
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