For other geometries, the general formula (20.39) holds, but the characteristic length is replaced by a hydraulic diameter de = 4 × (cross-sectional area for flow)/(wetted perimeter). For fully turbulent regime in pipes, Re should be larger than 104. The hydraulic design should be such ...
They derived a new formula which contained the energy balance and pressure-driven condensate flow normal to the steam-chamber interface. It was concluded that the assumption of conduction-dominated heat transfer at the edge of the steam chamber was confirmed. Irani and Gates studied the heat-...
driven by increased indirect losses. Over time, total losses grow from 1.5% of GDP in 2040 to 2.5% of GDP in 2050 and to 3.9% of GDP in 2060 (Fig.1d) under the SSP 585 scenario. However, the proportion of global GDP loss due to supply-chain disruptions is 0.1%,...
In [15], where a recuperative counter-current air-to-air plate heat exchanger was tested numerically using the Fluent software, it was found that the thinnest possible material is crucial for creating the most efficient air-to-air recuperative heat exchanger with low efficiency and low-pressure ...
One of the direct and unavoidable consequences of global warming-induced rising temperatures is the more recurrent and severe heatwaves. In recent years, even countries like Malaysia seldom had some mild to severe heatwaves. As the Earth's average temper
The components above have been combined using the formula below to assess where the most vulnerable parts of the city are to extreme heat: Heat Vulnerability = Hazard Exposure + Sensitivity - Adaptive Capacity Each ward has been categorised on its level of heat risk based on its HVI score. ...
Numerical investigations were performed to predict heat transfer characteristics of laminar annular jets impinging on a surface. An axi-symmetric formulati... H Chattopadhyay - 《International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer》 被引量: 58发表: 2004年 An experimental and numerical study of heat transf...
Due to the current status of water treatment system it is very difficult to produce fresh clean water without electricity. This research evaluated the inte... N Pannucharoenwong,P Rattanadecho,CNK Echaroj - 《Energy Reports》 被引量: 0发表: 2021年 Evaluation of titanium alloy as heat absorbe...
For current notebooks, a complete cooling module includes a thermally conductive material, base, heat pipe (heat equalizing plate), fins, fan, air inlet, and air outlet. The first three determine the thermal conductivity, that is, the efficiency of the core heat to the heat sink fins. The ...
However, this method proves to be very expensive and impractical in the study of commercial cells. A more elegant method is to determine the effective specific heat capacity. For these measurements, the ARC combined with a power-controlled heater mat can be used. By applying a certain current ...