Thus, while the past has been bleak, the future offers greater promise. Abstract Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly tumour accounting for approximately 15% of lung cancers and is pathologically, molecularly, biologically and clinically very different from other lung cancers. While the ...
Although these data suggested that Dof coupling might be ancestral, gene expression analysis in the cnidarian Hydra revealed that Dof is not upregulated in the zone of strong FGFRa and FGFRb expression at the bud base, where FGFR signaling controls detachment. In contrast, transcripts encoding ...
All genes have a job to do, and mutations disrupt their ability to do their job. The FGFR2 gene is responsible for creating a protein calledfibroblast growth factor receptor 2(hence, where the name FGFR2 comes from). This protein's job is to signal developing cells to become bone, and ...
Achondroplasia is a type of disproportionate dwarfism. This disorder causes alterations in bone growth. During embryonic development most of the bones are still cartilage. In achondroplasia the cartilage does not convert to bone. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene are responsible for this form of dwarfism....
The introduction of these evolving therapeutics is clearly linked to the meticulous identification of molecular alterations, such as FGFR and homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene alterations. Immunotherapy has also become increasingly central in managing genitourinary malignancies, especially in RCC and...
Erythropoietin (EPO), which is known to be not expressed in CHO (Chen et al. 2001), showed a relative expression value of − 1.02; thus, genes with expression values of ≤ 0 were considered as not expressed. For comparison, the housekeeping gene glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphat-...
Is the blood–brain barrier really disrupted in all glioblastomas? A critical assessment of existing clinical data. Neuro Oncol 2018;20(2):184–191. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox175. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)Google Scholar...
The answer to the question ‘What have we learned?’ which is part of our chapter title unfortunately remains incomplete. However, intensive worldwide research indicates that its malignant transformation is the product of a multi-step process where there is an array of mutations which account for...
The KRAS protein is a GTPase that transmits intracellular signals upon binding to GTP [2], [3]. Under physiologic conditions, this system is maintained by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, favoring the GDP-bound inactive form. However, KRAS mutations promote maintenance of the GTP-bound active...
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with multifactorial origins, including the potential involvement of neurotrophins and growth factors. These molecules, which are crucial for neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and brain development, have been implicated in ASD path...