Activation of T cells triggers the expression of regulatory molecules like the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) protein. The association of PD1 with the natural ligands PDL1 and PDL2 induces an inhibitory signal that prevents T cells from proliferating and exerting effector functions. However, little...
Until recently, most immunotherapeutic approaches used to fight cancer were ineffective, counteracted by the tumour’s ability to evade immune attack. However, extensive research has improved our understanding of tumour immunology and enabled the develop
PDL-1 expression is low in G1-2 NET, whereas it is often high in G3 NENs [173,174]. Additionally, TMB is also higher in G3 NENs. Consistent with these observations, encouraging results have been reported with ICIs in different settings of high-grade NEN such as small cell lung cancer...
Because HLA-DR expression on activated effector CD4+ T cells is seen during chronic infection [127], it is likely that CD45RO−HLA-DR+FoxP3+ Treg cells are not memory cells but represent an activated subpopulation of Tregs. On the other hand, the pool of naïve CD45RA+ Treg cells ...
series of surgical samples for which detailed molecular and morphological data are available [8], we extended the study to host components in order to provide a comprehensive view of the immune landscape of MpMs, including the expression of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) PD1 and PDL1. ...
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations has notoriously challenged oncologists and researchers for three notable reasons: (1) the historical assumption that KRAS is “undruggable”, (2) the disease heterogeneity and (