CancerImmune cellsPD-L1PD-1Immune checkpointT-cellsInhibitorsImmunohistochemistryActivationInhibitionImmune checkpoint proteins, especially PD-L1 and PD-1, play a crucial role in controlling the intensity and duration of the immune response, thus preventing the development of autoimmunity. These proteins ...
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women under the age of 40 years worldwide. In addition, the incidence of breast cancer in young women (BCYW) has been rising. Young women are not the focus of screening programs an
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Until recently, most immunotherapeutic approaches used to fight cancer were ineffective, counteracted by the tumour’s ability to evade immune attack. However, extensive research has improved our understanding of tumour immunology and enabled the develop
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays a crucial role in controlling cancer cell-cycle and growth [23]. Mutations of mTOR signaling components provide cancer cells with a selective growth advantage with respect to normal cells [24,25,26]. This pathway is dysregulated in a broad variety of ...
Treg cells play a key role in pregnancy maintenance, in the prevention of autoimmune responses, and in the control of all immune responses, including responses to self cells, cancer, infection, and a transplant. It is currently unclear whether Treg cells are capable of long-term memory of an...
Since breast cancer is one of the most well-studied disease models for ERβ function, we additionally focus on the involvement of the receptor in the prevention and treatment of refractory disease. Considering the potential of targeting ERβ in breast cancer, we also discuss recent advancements ...
Estrogen receptor (ER) β (ERβ) is the second ER subtype that mediates the effects of estrogen in target tissues along with ERα that represents a validated biomarker and target for endocrine therapy in breast cancer. ERα was the only known ER subtype