Some viruses, however, do cause overt damage to the host, either in isolated cases or as a reaction that commonly occurs after infection. The outcome is influenced by properties of the infecting virus, the circumstances of infection and several factors controlled by the host. In this Review, ...
The fact that the highly replicating cp biotype of pestiviruses similarly express these two IFN antagonistic proteins indicate that there exists a delicate balance between the level of PAMPs and the capacity to limit their effects on the innate immune response of the host. With pestiviruses ...
COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), a name adapted from SARS-CoV that caused the infection of SARS in 2003 [2]. Since none of the explored therapies can directly kill the virus, vaccines have become the last hope to stop the pandemic. ...
14. Bianchi ME: DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol 2007, 81:1-5. doi:10.1186/cc9013 Cite this article as: Alexandraki I, Palacio C: Gram-negative versus Gram- positive bacteremia: what is more alarmin(g)? Critical Care 2010, 14:161. ...
Reactogenicity refers to a subset of reactions that occur soon after vaccination, and are a physical manifestation of the inflammatory response to vaccination. In clinical trials, information on expected signs and symptoms after vaccination is actively sought (or ‘solicited’). These symptoms may incl...
inflammation; PAMPs; DAMPs; LAMPs; SAMPs; immune interventions; innate immune cells1. Introduction—An Analogy with Fire Inflammation is an age-old, ancestral word, which comes from the Latin inflammare, meaning to ignite or burn. An analogy with fire is instructive because teleologically the ...
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NOD2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), e.g., peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycolic acids, which are present in the bacterial cell envelope [9...
Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system creates a pro-inflammatory environment in the host through reactive oxygen species (ROS), IL-6 and IL-8, pulmonary cell infiltrate by neutrophils, complement activation, and recognition of viral RNA through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), ...