What are some examples of beneficial viruses? Why aren't the body's skin and mucous membrane barriers significant factors in your resistance to infection by hyperthermophiles? Why are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) necessary for T...
Plants have evolved a defence mechanism (stomatal closure) to reduce bacterial entry through stomata by detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). To defeat stomatal defence, P. syringae uses toxins and T3SS effector proteins to overcome PAMP-induced stomatal closure. Stomatal closure...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two very common diseases in the general population. To date, there are no studies that highlight a direct link between NAFLD and IBS, but some recent reports have found an interesting correlation between obesity an...
Plant defense responses are mediated by elementary regulatory proteins that affect expression of thousands of genes. Over the last decade, microarray techn
While we know that a certain level of inflammation is needed to trigger an effective adaptive immune response, we do not yet know how to quantify that level, or predict how this translates into reactogenicity. New technologies including systems biology are providing new insights into the early imm...
Likewise, it has been shown that patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection are affected by COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). However, Lai and Yu [16] mentioned that conventional risk factors for aspergillosis are not present in patients with CAPA. Cases of CAPA have been ...
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NOD2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), e.g., peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycolic acids, which are present in the bacterial cell envelope [9...
This response is, in part, due to LPS-induced activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on resident macrophages, but other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and TLRs are likely involved in this immune response [89]. Identification of these other PAMPs and TLRs will provide ...
inflammation; PAMPs; DAMPs; LAMPs; SAMPs; immune interventions; innate immune cells1. Introduction—An Analogy with Fire Inflammation is an age-old, ancestral word, which comes from the Latin inflammare, meaning to ignite or burn. An analogy with fire is instructive because teleologically the ...
The biological functions of the microbiota are not confined to the gastrointestinal mucosa since some PAMPs may be absorbed into the systemic circulation and act as ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptors and pregnane X receptors (PXR), which will, in turn, ...