Inflammatory mouse Caspase-11 (CASP11) and human orthologues Caspase-4 (CASP4) and Caspase-5 (CASP5) are the main drivers of noncanonical inflammasome activation which promotes release of IL-1β [16]. We and others demonstrated that human CASP4 performs most of the functions of mouse CASP1...
Following TNF-R1 signaling, RIPK1 transitions between pro-survival and pro-cell death signaling complexes.9,10 Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis of cells that operates in the absence of caspase activity9 and is initiated by the engagement of various TLRs or cytokine receptors.11 The ...
One family of innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are essential for recognition of viral and bacterial PAMPS, with many sharing common signaling pathway components (Medzhitov, 2001). Following activation, TLRs associate with cytosolic receptor-proximal ...
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SCFA are known to modulate anti-inflammatory responses and regulate cell differentiation and proliferation [9]. Moreover, probiotic bacteria can protect intestinal epithelial function and prevent bacterial endotoxemia by restricting the translocation of gut bacteria and their metabolic products into the ...