Philosophers such as David Lewis have discussed counterfactuals in the context of modal logic and the analysis of causal statements. CEs are now used in a variety of fields including philosophy, psychology and more recently in explainable AI (XAI). A counterfactual explanation involves describing a ...
So if extrapolation from our own case is involved in the idea of what it is like to be a bat, the extrapolation must be incomplete. We cannot form more than a schematic conception of what it is like. For example, we may ascribe general types of experience on the basis of the animal'...
Just like in other branches of science (e.g., physics, biology, chemistry) one of the aims of psychology is to discover causal relationships between variables related to the human psyche. The experimental methods are the only group of methods that can be used to achieve that aim. Typically ...
What is antisocial personality disorder in psychology? What are the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder? What are the causal factors for personality disorders? What are the general characteristics of psychotic disorders? What are the symptoms of dependent personality disorder?
proposes several possible accounts of empirical analysis and argues that the most promising approach would treat it as a contingent identity discovered by identifying the relation (or relations) that most nearly approximate the inferential role of causal concepts in a psychological theory of causal ...
It is widely accepted that intellectual property legal requirements such as patents and data exclusivity can affect access to medicines, but to date there has not been a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence on this topic. The World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects ...
Causal Attributions of Terrorism Are Biased And yet, terrorism research also tells us that whether or not we call someone a terrorist, fanatic, or extremist—bearing in mind the expression “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter”—and how we alternately “explain” ...
What is attribution? In psychology, attribution refers to how we perceive and explain the causes of behavior. Although we like to think that we are rational and objective in our attributions, these are in fact heavily subject to the same distortions as other forms of judgment. Causal attribution...
11. What is the woman doing? A. Viewing an apartment. B. Decorating an apartment. C. Asking for information. 12. What should the woman pay for besides the rent? A. The gas. B. The Internet. C. The wat...
The network approach assumes that it is the symptoms themselves that are of primary causal interest. For example, guilt might cause sadness, which causes suicidality and sleep problems; the direction and strength of direct connections between symptoms can be evaluated, as has been done in several ...