Based on a handful of cases, re-exposure to these drugs in patients who previously developed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis has been mixed. Although it is unclear whether re-exposure is appropriate, it should perhaps be considered in patients with limited options. When this approach is taken, ...
Here, the doctor takes a piece of the tumor to test. They can do this in different ways, depending on the size and location of the growth. They might use a needle (this is called a needle biopsy). Sometimes they’ll pair it with a suction device. Or they might do a laparoscopic bi...
CTLA-4 is a key inhibitory checkpoint molecule that is thought to counteract the co-stimulatory signal from its homologue, CD28, by competitively binding to its ligands (B7.1 and B7.2) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells [4]. Tumour cells exploit this pathway to turn off the immune ...
This underlines the difficulty to find a standardized and reproducible test that complies with daily practice. Such tests should be of particular interest for clinicians, especially for stage II patients for whom the indication for adjuvant treatment is more controversial....
In the last 3 years, we have gained a wealth of experience with this and other immunotherapies in the clinical setting and learned a considerable amount regarding their potential benefit across multiple tumour types. CTLA-4 is a key inhibitory checkpoint molecule that is thought to counteract the...
Further, a larger proportion of young women with breast cancer carry pathogenic variants in cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA1/2, compared to late-onset breast cancer [11,12,13]. The other important factor is that young women are often not included in breast cancer screening programs ...
1. Introduction Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide with more than a million deaths per year [1]. It is divided into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 80–85% of cases, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although tobacco is the ...