In fact, some of the earliest exosome research indicated that they can carry the MHC–peptide complexes that are recognized by T lymphocytes [4] and that secretion of such exo- somes could promote antitumour immune responses in mice in vivo [5]. Exosome therapies are now being ex- plored ...
We don’t know exactly. Exosomes that transfer membrane proteins or luminal content to the acceptor cell may be engulfed whole or the exosome membrane may fuse directly with the host plasma membrane (Fig.3). Alternatively, exosomes may not need to be taken up by cells to elicit a physiologic...
(thrombospondin). In addition p53 activation can enhance the rate of exosome production by the damaged cell by inducing the p53-regulated TSAP-6 gene.56,61Exosomes can communicate with adjacent cells by cell fusion and with T cells by presenting antigens to the immune system. Could p53-...
Cancer cell lines carry with them a record of genetic mutations which were ultimately responsible for the neoplastic growth that mandated surgical resection [11]. On excision, the cancer cells lost the unique cellular and humoral context that they grew into, which inadvertently impacts their biologica...
As discussed above, extracellular or periplasmic vesicles are physically able to contain and carry small SDS-resistant infectious prion particles (Figure 4) [45,47,56]. Using protein transformation assays, we showed that these vesicles were able to induce [PSI+] in [psi-, pin-] cells, ...
A large number of animals have been found to carry HEV, but pigs are the main reservoir [2]. HEV-3 and HEV-4 are emerging pathogens in high-income countries, most likely because of the consumption of contaminated food [3,4]. However, the possible routes of contamination in industrialized...