To establish causality you need to show three things–that X came before Y, that the observed relationship between X and Y didn't happen by chance alone, and that there is nothing else that accounts for the X -> Y relationship. What are the 3 criteria for causality? There are three con...
“Teaching-oriented universities” in China are defined as the context of this study for three important reasons. First, faculty members working in teaching-oriented universities are required to reach a high standard of research performance, indicating that a large group of academics are under great...
2008; Schick et al.,2011). There are no content analyses of vulva appearance in mainstream pornography; however, one study previously identified a preference for hairless vulvas without protruding labia minora in popular pornographic magazines
We have heuristics around when causality may not exist, such as “correlation doesn’t imply causation” and “past performance is no indication of future returns,” but pinning down causal effects rigorously is challenging. It’s not an accident that most heuristics about causality are negative—...
d. If you were tasked with developing an intervention to prevent weapon carrying in school, what would you recommend? What should be prioritized? e. Have you met the criteria for causality in this final model? If no, what more must be done?
Incorrect theoretical and conceptual models are also a cause of garbage output, along with incorrectly labeled data. Examples of such models include conspiracy theories. Other sources of garbage include the following: Poor understanding of causality. ...
In this essay, I will engage with the controversy that has sprung up between the proponents of the sharp separation thesis and those of the entanglement th
Validity can refer to the context of a given study but it can also refer to a specific construct used for assessment purposes. The concept of validity is often mentioned simultaneously with the concept of reliability. There are many different types of reliability and validity...
There is no consensus on what makes for a livable urban environment. This requires empirical assessment of the relationship between urban characteristics a
Computational Brain & Behavior (2024) 7:508–522 509 Herein, I explore and unpack what properties, virtues and vices, are both possible and desirable for us as scientists. This includes mixing and matching, as well as articulating our own criteria for our theories. As such, the intended ...