Similarly, we conducted in-depth and semi-structured interviews in the form of face-to-face and telephonic interviews with three managers of (NGOs), namely: The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) and Federation for Sustainable Environment (...
A water distribution network (WDN) carries freshwater from one or more sources to municipalities for essential human consumption, economic development, and social activities. The WDN is a complex system. It consists of main and booster pumps, water mains typically buried underground, branching pipes,...
6q). The uncertainties here are likely associated with water current circulation with depth and the exact location of the degassing points. Furthermore, the seabed emissions are likely higher than those reported due to oxidation and bacterial degraders in the water column49,50....
Rosenberg et al. (1999)applied HUMUS, the Hydrologic Unit Model of the US to the Missouri and Arkansas-White-Red water resource regions that overlie the Ogallala aquifer. They imposed three GCMs (GISS, UKTR and BMRC) projections of future climate change on this region and simulated the chang...
\({h}_{j}\) is the average depth (in meters) to groundwater level in district j from where water is extracted for irrigation. District-level data for average depth to ground water levels are available from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). \({\mu }_{p}\) is the coefficient ...
Number per km of main20 m40 m60 m80 m100 m 20 34 68 112 146 170 40 25 50 75 100 125 60 22 44 66 88 110 80 21 41 62 82 103 100 20 39 59 78 98 Source of information: IWA, 2000. In the UK the water regulator WSRA, also known as Ofwat, uses two performance indicators, ‘...
In this study, 35 deep well groundwater samples were taken from test bore holes (-243 m depth) in three various periods: Winter, monsoon and rainy season (Fig. 1). Each water sample was collected by acidic-washed plastic bottle (500 mL and 100 mL). The sample bottles were fully filled...
Water level meters are used to measure the depth of water in wells, boreholes, and standpipes. Our Electronic Water level Meters Series use sound waves to measure the water level. The sound waves are sent from a transmitter to a receiver. The time it takes for...
The past two decades of lunar exploration have seen the detection of substantial quantities of water on the Moon’s surface. It has been proposed that a hydrated layer exists at depth in lunar soils, buffering a water cycle on the Moon globally. However, a reservoir has yet to be identified...
Using the diameter of a rigid sphereσas the unit of length and the depth of the potentialεas the unit of energy, the intermolecular interactions are made dimensionless. The intermolecular interactions are determined by four parameters,a2,a3,z2, andz3. If we focus onz2andz3, there are inn...