here:\(\phi\)is a level-set function,\(\overline{v }\)is velocity vector,\({\gamma }_{r}\)is re-initialization parameter,\({\varepsilon }_{ls}\)is the parameter that controls interface thickness, and\(t\)is time. With the level-set function, properties such as density, viscosity...
Full size image Figure 6 Fault stability, water table drop, ground subsidence and overpressure. (A) Change in fault stability due to water table drop is shown in terms of the change in Coulomb failure stress (CFS, in kPa) on the three faults at a depth of 10 km. Positive values corresp...
the graph shows the variance of the original variables explained by principal components (PC) 1 and 2. In addition, the graph gives an indication of the correlation degree between the variables based on the position of the vector. For instance, volumetric soil water content was...
Binarization process of the RGB image into a binary image. The arrow indicates the direction of the free-stream velocity vector. Figure 11. Change of spatial density with time at the free-stream velocity of 3 m/s for various air injection rates. The arrow indicates the direction of the fr...
2013). Plastic debris may act as a vector for contaminants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals Plastic debris in the environment will break down through a combination of photo and thermal oxidative degradation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mechanical weathering and ...
In-depth analysis shows a quick drop in performance for all of the methods in identifying water bodies with a surface area below 0.5 ha, but the proposed approach outperformed the second best method by 34% in this size class. Graphical abstract Download: Download high-res image (221KB) ...
We measured three-components of velocity vector distribution in cross sections of a fully developed turbulent pipe flow downstream of a 90-degree bend by means of stereo PIV. Reynolds number was Re=120,000, and ratio of inner diameter d ... J Sakakibara,R Sonobe,H Goto,... - Isfv14-int...
where r is the spatial lag vector, τ the temporal lag vector, ξr is the correlation length in position space (r) and ξτ in time (τ), h the normalized space-time lag vector, h = |h| is its Euclidean norm of the normalized space-time lag and α the coefficient that determines...
The Natural Earth 10 m wide river centre line vector file (Kelso and Patterson, 2010) was used to select rivers in the remaining 12 biomes. This threshold ensured that rivers were resolvable within the 3 m resolution of PlanetScope, allowing for the inclusion of narrower rivers than other ...
Full size image Besides the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment, an important role of the respiratory tract is, during inspiration, to heat the air to body temperature and to saturate it with water, before it reaches the alveoli. This is physiologically crucial because it...