calculations ΔTis taken as the average temperature difference between outlet hot water (60°C) and inlet cold water in summer and in winter. According to a research done in several locations in the Gauteng province the summer water inlet temperature is 19°C and during the winter is 9°C....
Calculations of effluent nutrient concentrations, struvite production, consumption of Mg(OH)2, electricity demand and reactor and decanter volume are included in Supplementary Information. After nutrient removal treatment, brown and grey water are mixed, and aerobic treatment is performed in a side-...
The monthly and yearly calculations have similar patterns and values, but there are differences of up to 1 mm yr–1. In our approach, we assume that increased evaporation will amplify the current evaporation-recycling patterns. It is commonly assumed that land-cover change impacts evaporation...
Known non-water benefits, like fire damage reduction and preservation of biodiversity were not included in the calculations. The second qualification is that at lower discount rates, for instance 5%, the Kouga project is efficient. The third qualification is that if 30% cost savings could be ...
Most calculations indicate that between 94 and 97 percent of the water on Earth is seawater stored in the oceans. The remaining 3-6% contain all freshwater resources. A small percentage (less than 0.1%) of this is surface water, which is found in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, the atmosphere,...
Knowing how muchwateris available in the groundwater aquifers and how fast it is being replenished is vital for providing the population with water for drinking and irrigation. Determining the age of water sources helps in those calculations. ...
While the actual groundwater depletion is likely to be less than simple, flux calculations suggest that some of the differences between the volumetric and the flux estimates are likely to represent a major rearrangement where the water is stored since return flows from irrigated lands do not ...
propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability calculations encompass a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity, susceptibility and resilience, among others. These elements vary according to the system being analysed and its features82. Exposure is the people, livelihood...
(ET), runoff, soil moisture, and snow) are also involved87. ET acts as an important component in global TWC88,89, due to the net difference between water supply from precipitation and water demand from ET, which can almost represent the changes in terrestrial TWC90. We calculate the PME ...
Knowing how muchwateris available in the groundwater aquifers and how fast it is being replenished is vital for providing the population with water for drinking and irrigation. Determining the age of water sources helps in those calculations. ...