Translation is the first stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein....
Obviously, the examples will not be exhaustive but rather illustrative. Thus by necessity, the work of many research groups will not be described. Since this review is practical in nature, I will emphasize the cis-acting elements of a gene which control post-transcriptional RNA processing and ...
This is the first step of gene expression where the information is passed on from one structure to another. During transcription, RNA molecules are initiated, elongated, and terminated. The RNA formed is the non-genetic RNA. Transcription occurs as a prerequisite for translation and occurs when ...
Gene Expression Base Pairing Rules: A-U C-G Cytoplasm Nuclear Membrane mRNA Transcription Cytoplasm Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Base Pairing Rules: A-U C-G Translation DNA vs. RNA *double stranded *A, T, G, C *deoxyribose *single stranded *A, U, G, C * ribose...
1). Maximal activation of cap-binding protein by GNRH occurs within 30 min of stimulation, providing a rapid mechanism to increase gene expression in conjunction with immediate early gene transcription. However, generalized stimulation of cap-dependent translational activity by GNRH does not explain ...
Examples include optimal synonymous codon mutations of an endogenous gene, and optimal translation efficiency and protein levels of heterologous genes in a new host39, 60,61,62. These genes compete with endogenous genes for the available translation resources, as consuming too much resources by the ...
RNA translation is tightly controlled in eukaryotic cells to regulate gene expression and maintain proteome homeostasis. RNA binding proteins, translation factors, and cell signaling pathways all modulate the translation process. Defective translation is involved in multiple neurological diseases including amyot...
Gene expression is regulated at several levels, transcriptionally, translationally, and even at the splicing stage. Alternative splicing of some genes gives rise to several different mRNA isoforms, which are translated into proteins of differing size and function. Protein Synthesis After processing, the...
it is a chemical information decoding process that begins with an input string of nucleotides and ends with the synthesis of a specific output string of peptides. The translation process is interconnected with gene expression, physiological regulation, transcription, and responses to signaling molecules...
▪ Abstract Regulation of translation initiation is a central control point in animal cells. We review our current understanding of the mechanisms of regulation, drawing particularly on examples in which the biological consequences of the regulation are clear. Specific mRNAs can be controlled via ...