根据Gove(1983)的总结,Top-down model主要具备了以下几个特点: -Readers can comprehend a selection even though they do not recognize each word. -Readers should use meaning and grammatical cues to identify unrecognized words. -Reading for meaning is the primary objective of reading rather than mastery...
2. Top-down model: In this model, listening /reading for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized. In other words, listening comprehension involves ‘knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called ‘inside the head’...
Although this is a standard bottom-up approach it is amazing to see how much can be predicted and therefore how even the most bottom-up activities employ a degree of top-down processing. Conclusion As we can see from the activities above, it is almost impossible (and unnecessary) to ...
In'real-life'listening, our students will have to use a combination of the two processes, with more emphasis on 'top-down' or 'bottom-up' listening depending on their reasons for listening. Top-down vs. bottom-up listening In the classroom Top-down listening activities Bottom-up listening ...
"Top-down"和"Bottom-up"是在英语听力教学中两种重要的策略."Top-down"是听者根据上下语境去猜测听到的大致内容;"Bottom-up"指的是从单个的词汇开始逐个记录,直到获取整个句子的含义.总体上来说,"Top-down"听力策略更适用于英语水平较高的学习者,因为他们已经能比较轻松地识别大部分的常用词汇;而"Bottom-up"听...
discourse for meaningful communication. The weakness of top-down instruction is too much emphasis on the meaning of a text without activities for students to directly use linguistic forms learned from the text. In general, both bottom-up and top-down text-centered instruction separate learning from...
题目The top down model means people learn reading from letters and words.相关知识点: 试题来源: 解析 错误 The top-down model focuses on meaning generating activities rather than on mastery of letter, sound, and word recognition.反馈 收藏
There are some fun activities too, such as Google Experiments where kids can create all kinds of unique simulations and games online.FunBrain helps students learn through fun games related to math and reading. They’ll also find books and other entertaining resources....
This study investigated the use of 3-phase lessons involving bottom-up listening, top-down listening, and interactive listening process in improving pre-university, L2 students' listening skills. These lessons aimed at addressing the issue where the focus of listening activities has sometimes become ...
In many parts of the world where there is a lock down, schools operate online. However, if you live in a place where online learning is not feasible, do not let your children’s education suffer. You canhomeschool your kids, and there are great resources available, tailored for homeschool...