Calabar swelling, eye worm, and sensation of crawling under the skin were considered loiasis-related symptoms. Apparent prevalence was defined as the number of positive cases out of the total population obtained after direct examination of 10 μl blood, and true prevalence was defined as the ...
(39 °C). Hair was removed from the right hind-leg and the knee immobilized using a noninvasive clamp. The foot was secured to the footplate on the force transducer with adhesive tape and set at a 90° angle. Needle electrodes were placed just under the skin on either side of the ...