These are of two types: (a) Bone marrow It is the main lymphoid organ, where all the lymphocytes and all the body cells are produced and T-lymphocytes are developed. (b) Thymus It is a lobed organ, located near the heart and beneath the breast bone. It is large at the time of bir...
The extraordinary success of mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has renewed interest in mRNA as a means of delivering therapeutic proteins. Early clinical trials of mRNA therapeutics include studies of paracrine vascular endothelia
1b). To further confirm the demarcation between microenvironment and tumor cells, we used two complementary strategies. First, we calculated the tumor infiltration rates based on the evaluation of tumor markers GD2 and L1CAM by flow cytometry (see gating strategy Supplementary Fig. 1b), which ...
The SASP is characterized by sustained secretion of a variety of inflammatory factors and chemokines, which are regulated by the autocrine stimulation of senescent vascular smooth muscle cells by IL-1α. These powerful chemotactic signals lead to the aggregation of monocytes and lymphocytes, while ...
Single-cell data analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patient samples revealed two main B-cell populations: CD20 + B cells and CD138 + plasma cells. Among them, CD20 + B cells comprise memory B cells, naïve B cells, germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cells [14]. ...
Based on the specific immune microenvironment, CCA can be categorized depending on the presence or lack of immune cell infiltration into two groups: cancers that have been infiltrated by lymphocytes and tumors that have not been infiltrated [5]. Immune cell infiltrated tumors are considered immunologi...
‘tissue-resident’ cells. These lymphocytes lack adaptive antigen receptors, such as rearranged antigen-specific T- and B-cell receptors, but despite this, a number of their effector functions are similar to those of T cells [20]. In addition, they express receptors for cytokines and ...
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Human immune response is divided into two main categories which include innate immunity, initiated by phagocytosis of pathogens by phagocytic cells and this orchestrates the adaptive immune system [2–4]. The two types of circulating phagocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, are the main contributors to...
The thymus gland is the main organ of the lymphatic system. Its primary function is to promote the development of specific cells of the immune system called T-lymphocytes. Once mature, these cells leave the thymus and are transported via blood vessels to the lymph nodes and spleen. T-lymphocy...